Feudalism is characterized by which of the following?

Feudalism is defined by a system of political and social relationships centered around the bonds of loyalty and service between lords and their vassals. In this hierarchical structure, lords grant land or fiefs to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty. This relationship is foundational to feudalism, as it establishes a network of obligations that underpins both governance and land management during medieval times.

The loyalty bond is crucial, as vassals were often expected to provide military support to their lords when called upon, while lords, in turn, had responsibilities to protect and govern their vassals. This system created a social order that was characterized by personal allegiance rather than centralized government authority, which is indicative of feudal societies.

The other options do not accurately capture the essence of feudalism. The concept of multiple kingdoms reflects territorial divisions but lacks the personal relationships central to feudalism. A direct democracy with elected officials does not apply, as feudalism operates on hereditary rights and personal loyalties rather than democratic governance. Lastly, while trade was a component of medieval economies, feudalism itself is primarily defined by land tenure and the relationships that arise from it, rather than being solely based on trade.